〓 The Kellogg-Briand Pact (Treaty for the Renunciation of War, entering into force in 1929), which stipulated that contracting parties renounce war as an instrument of national policy in international disputes and settle them peacefully.

〓 According to international law (= the Kellogg-Briand Pact), the Liutiaogou Incident (September 18, 1931, Friday) should have been resolved peacefully between the Japanese government and the Government of the Republic of China.

〓 At the same time, the Japanese government needed to severely punish the core leaders of the Kanto Army—principally the Emishi of Tohoku such as Seishiro Itagaki and Kanji Ishiwara—who had ignored international law (= the Kellogg-Briand Pact) and plunged recklessly into unilateral military action.

〓 Yet, Mineichiro Adachi—President of the Permanent Court of International Justice and an Emishi of Tohoku who was a graduate of the mediocre University of Tokyo Faculty of Law—far from advising the punishment of the leaders of the Kanto Army mainly composed of Tohoku Emishi who had plunged unilaterally into military action ignoring international law, instead:

(1) asserted that the preservation of 'Japan's' rights and interests in Manchuria was necessary,

(2) warned that if the incident were brought to the arena of international justice, 'Japan' would be put at an extreme disadvantage,

and advised that a settlement be reached via political and diplomatic negotiations between the Japanese and Chinese governments before it could be taken to a courtroom battle at the Permanent Court of International Justice.